Acute glycemic outcomes along the aerobic training in deep water in patients with type 2 diabetes / Respuestas de la glucemia aguda a lo largo del entrenamiento aeróbico en aguas profundas en pacientes con diabetes tipo 2

Aims: The present study aimed to analyze the acute glucose responses in the first and last sessions of four mesocycles along an aquatic aerobic training periodization. Methods: Fourteen patients (6 men and 8 women; 54.3 ± 9.0 years; body mass index of 34.5 ± 3.9 kg/m2) with type 2 diabetes underwent a 12-week training program involving deep-water running. This exercise training was performed by an interval training method, with a frequency of 3 times a week, session duration of 35 minutes and intensity progressing from 85 to 90% to 95 to 100% of the anaerobic threshold heart rate (ATHR) along the periodization. Capillary glucose was assessed before and immediately after the first and last session of each mesocycle. A generalized estimated equation (time x session x mesocycle) was used to assess reductions in glucose levels in different sessions (first and last) along four mesocycles (α = 0.05). Results: All sessions resulted in a reduction in glucose levels (time effect: p <0.001), without differences between the first and last session of each mesocycle (session effect: p = 0.738). With regard to the mesocycles (mesocycle effect: p = 0.003), significant differences were found between mesocycles 2 and 3. In time mesocycle interaction (p = 0.002), in most comparisons, post-session values were lowest that pre-session values, regardless of mesocycle, except for the post-session value of mesocycle 3, which was similar to the pre-values of mesocycles 2 and 4. Conclusion: Aerobic training in deep water with crescent linear periodization over 12 weeks is able to reduce glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes

Objetivo: Analizar las respuestas de glucemia aguda en las primeras y últimas sesiones de cuatro mesociclos a lo largo de una periodización de entrenamiento aeróbico acuático. Métodos: Catorce pacientes (6 hombres y 8 mujeres; 54,3 ± 9,0 años; índice de masa corporal de 34,5 ± 3,9 kg/m2) con diabetes tipo 2 fueron sometidos a un programa de entrenamiento de 12 semanas de carrera en aguas profundas. Se realizó un entrenamiento aeróbico de intervalos, realizado 3 veces por semana, con sesiones de 35 minutos y la intensidad progresando a lo largo de la periodización desde 85% - 90% a 95% - 100% de la frecuencia cardiaca del umbral anaeróbico (FCUA). La glucosa capilar fue evaluada antes e inmediatamente después de la primera y la última sesión de cada mesociclo. Se utilizó una ecuación generalizada estimada (tiempo x sesión x mesociclo) para evaluar las reducciones en los niveles de glucosa en las diferentes sesiones (primera y última) a lo largo de cuatro mesociclos (α = 0.05). Resultados: todas las sesiones resultaran en una reducción en los niveles de glucosa (efecto tiempo: p<0,001), sin diferencias entre la primera y la última sesión de cada mesociclo (efecto de sesión: p = 0,738). Con respecto a los mesociclos (efecto mesociclo: p=0,003) se encontraron diferencias significativas entre los mesociclos 2 y 3. En la interacción tiempo mesociclo (p=0,002), en la mayor.a de las comparaciones, los valores post-sesión fueron menores de los valores pre-sesión, independientemente de mesociclo, excepto para el valor después de la sesión del mesociclo 3, que fue similar a los valores antes de la sesión de los mesociclos 2 y 4. Conclusión: Doce semanas de entrenamiento aeróbico en aguas profundas con la periodización linear y creciente es capaz de reducir los niveles de glucosa en pacientes con diabetes tipo 2

Water quality and diversity of yeasts from tropical lakes and rivers from the Rio Doce basin in Southeastern Brazil

Yeast communities were assessed in 14 rivers and four lakes from the Doce River basin in Brazil, during the rainy and dry seasons of the years 2000 and 2001. Water samples were collected at the subsurface in all sites. The following physical and chemical parameters were measured: temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, electrical conductivity, total phosphorus, ortho-phosphate, ammonium, nitrate, nitrite and total nitrogen and the counts of faecal coliforms and heterotrophic bacteria were carried out to characterize the aquatic environmental sampled. The yeast counts were higher in aquatic environments with the highest counts of coliform and heterotrophic bacteria. These environments receive a high influx of domestic and industrial waste. A total of 317 isolates identified in forty eight yeast species were recorded in the sites sampled and the specie Aureobasidium pullulans were found in eleven out of eighteen sites sampled and some opportunistic pathogens such as the yeast species Candida krusei were isolated only in the polluted rivers with a positive correlation with the biotic and abiotic parameters that indicate sewage contamination.

Fatores de transcrição da família ap2/erf e resposta em plantas aos estresses abióticos / Transcription factors of the ap2/erf and plants responses to abiotic stress / Factores de transcripción de la familia ap2/erf y respuesta en plantas a estreses abióticos

Em seu ambiente natural, as condições de água e temperatura são altamente variáveis, e podem afetar a sobrevivência,o crescimento e reprodução das plantas. Para sobreviver em tais condições, as plantas respondem, desenvolvendouma complexa rede de sinalização em nível molecular, celular e bioquímico. A regulação gênica em nível de transcrição éum dos principais pontos no controle dos processos biológicos, sendo que os fatores de transcrição (TFs) desempenham umpapel fundamental nesse processo. A família AP2/ERF é uma grande família de TFs específico de plantas que compartilhamum domínio conservado de ligação ao DNA. Essa família de TFs incluía proteínas da subfamília DREB que desempenhamum papel crucial na resposta das plantas a estresses abióticos, reconhecendo o elemento responsivo à desidratação com ummotivo central A/GCCGAC. As proteínas da subfamília de fatores de resposta ao etileno estão envolvidas em respostas aosestresses bióticos e abióticos, reconhecendo o elemento cis-acting AGCCGCC denominado GCC-box. Nesta revisão foi discutidoo papel dos TFs AP2/ERF em condições de estresse abiótico e suas implicações funcionais em estudos de expressãogênica. A compreensão dos determinantes genéticos da tolerância aos estresses abióticos constitui um passo importante nosprogramas de melhoramento genético.

In their natural environment, temperature and water conditions are highly variable and may affect the survival,growth and reproduction of plants. In order to survive under such conditions, plants respond by developing a complexnetwork of signaling at molecular, cellular and biochemical level. The gene regulation at the transcription level is one of themajor points in the control of biological processes, and transcription factors play a key role in this process. The AP2/ERFfamily is a large family of plant-specific transcription factors that share a conserved DNA-binding domain. This transcriptionfactor family includes a subfamily of DREB proteins that plays a crucial role in the plant response to abiotic stresses, recognizingthe dehydration responsive element with a central motif A/GCCGAC. The proteins from the subfamily of ethyleneresponse factors are involved in responses to biotic and abiotic stresses recognizing the cis-acting element AGCCGCC calledGCC-box. In this review, the authors discuss the role of AP2/ERF transcription factors in abiotic stress conditions and theirfunctional implications in gene expression studies. Understanding the genetic determinants of abiotic stress tolerance is animportant step in breeding programs.

In their natural environment, temperature and water conditions are highly variable and may affect the survival,growth and reproduction of plants. In order to survive under such conditions, plants respond by developing a complexnetwork of signaling at molecular, cellular and biochemical level. The gene regulation at the transcription level is one of themajor points in the control of biological processes, and transcription factors play a key role in this process. The AP2/ERFfamily is a large family of plant-specific transcription factors that share a conserved DNA-binding domain. This transcriptionfactor family includes a subfamily of DREB proteins that plays a crucial role in the plant response to abiotic stresses, recognizingthe dehydration responsive element with a central motif A/GCCGAC. The proteins from the subfamily of ethyleneresponse factors are involved in responses to biotic and abiotic stresses recognizing the cis-acting element AGCCGCC calledGCC-box. In this review, the authors discuss the role of AP2/ERF transcription factors in abiotic stress conditions and theirfunctional implications in gene expression studies. Understanding the genetic determinants of abiotic stress tolerance is animportant step in breeding programs constituye un paso importante en los programas de mejoramiento genético.

Reproductive and feeding biology of Acestrorhynchus pantaneiro Menezes, 1992 (Osteichthyes: Acestrorhynchidae) in areas under the influence of dams in the upper Uruguay River, Brazil

The reproductive and feeding biology of Acestrorhynchus pantaneiro were studied in the upper Uruguay River, southern Brazil. Fourteen sites were surveyed seasonally between 2000 and 2006. A total of 3,427 fish were caught, being 2,015 females and 1,412 males. The sex ratio was 1.66:1 (female:male) in lentic habitats (p<0.05), but showed equal proportion in lotic and transition habitats. Feeding activity was similar for both sexes and showed little variation along the year. The analysis of stomach contents of 2,401 stomach showed that "fish" was the most consumed resource in all different habitats, corresponding to 99% of the food in the gravimetric analyzes. The species showed a multiple spawning type with a long reproductive period, although the highest intensity of reproduction occurred between the beginning of spring and summer, marked by the highest GSI and advanced gonadal maturity stages. Relative fecundity (mean ± SD) was 139 ± 56 oocytes per mm of total length and 152 ± 66 oocytes per gram of total weight. The mean absolute fecundity was 33,470 ± 19,151 oocytes and the average of the mature oocytes diameter was 897.5 ± 365.4 µm. Acestrorhynchus pantaneiro is more abundant in lentic environments and presents biological characteristics that favor the establishment of the species in dammed rivers.

A biologia reprodutiva e alimentar do peixe-cachorro Acestrorhynchus pantaneiro foi avaliada na região do alto rio Uruguai, sul do Brasil. Um total de 3.427 exemplares foram capturados, em 14 estações amostradas sazonalmente no período entre 2000 e 2006. Destes, 2.015 eram fêmeas e 1.412 machos. A proporção sexual nos ambientes lênticos foi de 1,66:1 (fêmeas:machos) (p<0,05), apresentando proporções semelhantes nos ambientes lóticos e de transição lótico-lêntico. A atividade alimentar foi semelhante entre os sexos e apresentou pequena variação ao longo do ano. A análise de 2.401 estômagos revelou que a espécie alimentou-se predominantemente da categoria "peixe" em todos os ambientes amostrados, representando 99% do alimento pela análise gravimétrica. O período reprodutivo é longo e se estende por quase todo o ano, embora esteja mais concentrado entre o início da primavera e o verão, quando foram observados os maiores valores da relação gonadossomática e dos estádios avançados de maturação gonadal. A desova é do tipo parcelada. A fecundidade absoluta (média ± DP) é de 33.470 ± 19.151 ovócitos, enquanto a fecundidade relativa é de 139 ± 56 ovócitos/mm e 152 ± 66 ovócitos/g. O diâmetro médio dos ovócitos maduros é de 897,5 ± 365,4 µm. Acestrorhynchus pantaneiro é mais abundante nos ambientes lênticos e apresenta características biológicas que favorecem o estabelecimento da espécie em ambientes formados pelo represamento dos rios.

Cellulase and xylanase activity during the decomposition of three aquatic macrophytes in a tropical oxbow lagoon

Due to the connection between enzymatic activity and degradation of different fractions of organic matter, enzyme assays can be used to estimate degradation rates of particulate and dissolved organic carbon in freshwater systems. The aim of this study was to quantify and model the enzymatic degradation involving the decomposition of macrophytes, describing temporal activity of cellulases (EC 3.2.1.4 and EC 3.2.1.91) and xylanase (EC 3.2.1.8) during in situ decomposition of three aquatic macrophytes (Salvinia sp., Eichhornia azurea and Cyperus giganteus) on the surface and water-sediment interface (w-s interface) of an oxbow lagoon (Óleo lagoon) within a natural Brazilian Savanna Reserve. Overall, the enzymatic degradation of aquatic macrophytes in Óleo lagoon occurred during the whole year and was initiated together with leaching. Xylanase production was ca. 5 times higher than cellulase values due to easy access to this compound by cellulolytic microorganisms. Enzymatic production and detritus mass decay were similar on the surface and w-s interface. Salvinia sp. was the most recalcitrant detritus, with low mass decay and enzymatic activity. E. azurea and C. giganteus decomposition rates and enzymatic production were high and similar. Due to the physicochemical homogeneity observed in the Óleo lagoon, the differences between the decay rates of each species are mostly related with detritus chemical quality.

Mixed-species schooling behavior and protective mimicry involving coral reef fish from the genus Haemulon (Haemulidae)

The present study analyzed heterotypic schooling behavior and protective mimicry relationships involving species of the genus Haemulon and other coral reef fishes on coastal reefs at Tamandaré, Pernambuco State, Northeastern Brazil. The work was performed during 35 hours of direct observation using the "focal animal" method. The observed events involved 14 species of reef fish in eight different families. The phenomenon of mixed schooling appeared to be related to the large number of individuals of the genus Haemulon present in reef environments and to the tendency of individuals with limited populations to try to aggregate in schools (e.g. genus Scarus).

O presente estudo analisou o comportamento de formação de cardumes mistos e mimetismo de proteção envolvendo espécies do gênero Haemulon e demais peixes recifais nos recifes costeiros de Tamandaré, estado de Pernambuco, Nordeste do Brasil. O trabalho foi realizado utilizando observações subaquáticas e incluiu 35 horas de observação direta utilizando o método animal focal, durante as quais foram registradas associações com 14 espécies pertencentes a oito famílias diferentes. Os fenômenos registrados possivelmente estão relacionados à grande quantidade de indivíduos do gênero Haemulon presentes nos ecossistemas recifais e também à tendência de indivíduos com reduzidas populações a permanecerem em cardumes (e.g. gênero Scarus).

Teleostean phylogeny based on osteological and myological characters / Filogenia de teleosteos basada en características osteológicas y miológicas

Despite the progresses done in the field of teleostean phylogeny in the last decades, recent studies continué to raise questions concerning the higher-level relationships of this remarkably diverse group of fishes. The main aim of the present work is to help to clarify teleostean higher-level relationships. For that purpose, we undertook a cladistic analysis including 70 terminal taxa of 20 different orders and 271 morphological characters, concerning mainly osteological and myological structures of the cephalic region , pectoral girdle and fins and anterior vertebrae. In the consensus cladogram obtained, the elopomorphs appear as the most basal extant teleosts. The osteoglossomorphs included in the analysis are grouped in a monophyletic clade, which is the sister-group of the remaining non-elopomorph teleosts. The Otocephala, the Clupeiformes, and the Ostariophysi appear as monophyletic clades, thus contradicting the results of some recent molecular cladistic analyses placing the Alepocephaloidea inside the Otocephala. In fact, the monophyly of the Argentiniformes (Alepocephaloidea + Argentinoidea) is well supported by the cladistic analysis of the present work. This cladistic analysis also provides support for the monophyly of the Alepocephaloidea, of the Argentinoidea, of the Galaxioidea + Osmeroidea, and of the Esociforines. However, it does notprovide strong evidence to resolve the relationships between the Argentiniformes, Salmoniformes, Esociformes, Osmeriformes and Neoteleostei, although it does indicate that the salmoniforms might be closely related to the Neoteleostei and that the Esociformes and the Osmeriformes might constitute a monophyletic unit. The monophyly of the Cypriniformes + Characiformes + Gymnotiformes + Siluriformes, of the Characiformes + Gymnotiformes + Siluriformes and of the Gymnotiformes + Siluriformes is well supported.

A pesar de los avances realizados en relacion a la filogenia de los teleosteos en las últimas décadas, los estudios recientes siguen planteando cuestiones relativas a los altos niveles de relacion de este notable grupo de diversos peces. El principal objetivo del presente trabajo es contribuir a aclarar los altos niveles de relacion de teleosteos. Con este propósito, se llevó a cabo un análisis cladístico entre 70 taxones terminales de 20 órdenes diferentes y 271 caracteres morfológicos, principalmente en relacion con estructuras osteológicas y miológicas de la region cefálica, cintura escapular y las aletas anteriores y vértebras. En el cladograma de consenso obtenido, los elopomorfos aparecen como los teleosteos más básicos existentes. Los osteoglosomorfos incluidos en el análisis se agrupan en un ciado monofilético, que es el grupo hermano de los restantes teleosteos no elopomorfos. Los Otocephala, los clupeiforines, y los ostariofisios aparecen como ciados monofiléticos, contradiciendo así los resultados de algunos análisis moleculares cladísticos recientes incluyendo los Alepocephalidae dentro Otocephala. De hecho, la monofilia de los Argentiniformes (Alepocephaloidea + Argentinoidea) está bien apoyada por el análisis cladístico del presente trabajo. Este análisis cladístico también proporciona apoyo para la monofilia de los Alepocephaloidea, de los Argentinoidea, de los Galaxioidea + Osmeroidea, y de los Esociformes. Sin embargo, no proporciona pruebas sólidas para resolver las relaciones entre los Argentiniformes, Salmoniformes, Esociformes, Osmeriformes y Neoteleostei, aunque indica que los salmoniformes podrían estar estrechamente relacionados con los Neoteleostei, y que los Esociformes y los Osmeriformes podrían constituir una unidad monofilética. La monofilia de los Cypriniformes + Characiformes + Gymnotiformes + Siluriformes, de los Characiformes + Gymnotiformes + Siluriformes y de los Gymnotiformes + Siluriformes está bien apoyada.

Integrity of fluvial fish communities is subject to environmental gradients in mountain streams, Sierra de Aroa, north Caribbean coast, Venezuela

We examined physical habitat and fish assemblages in rivers of the Aroa Mountains (Venezuela) with different levels of environmental protection due to the creation of Yurubí National Park within the drainage. We developed an Index of Biotic Integrity (IBI) and evaluated it using principal components analysis (PCA) and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). Tributary rivers were divided into classes according to their origin (protected by the park) and physical characteristics of each, including substrate. Fishes were captured using standardized electrofishing. Fish communities showed greater species richness in heterogeneous habitat and protected rivers but overall abundance was higher in unprotected and impacted rivers. The IBI was sensitive to these differences and the scores were higher in protected rivers. The IBI detected degree of disturbance of fish communities without direct consideration of habitat parameters measured. The PCA revealed a gradient in substrate heterogeneity. Similarly, CCA revealed differences in fish assemblage composition along the environmental gradient and that varied with protection status of the river. The relationship between PCA and IBI scores was highly significant (r² = 0.61, P < 0.0001). The PCA and CCA analysis moderately validated the structure and predictability of IBI; but it is still necessary to refine the model and to extend its application for more time and over a wider area.

Foram avaliados o ambiente físico e as assembléias de peixes em rios das montanhas Aroa (Venezuela) com diferentes níveis de proteção ambiental devido a criação do Parque Nacional Yurubí nesta drenagem. Foi desenvolvido um índice de Integridade Biótica (IBI), avaliado através da análise de componentes principais (PCA) e análise de correspondência canônica (CCA). Rios tributários foram divididos em classes, de acordo com sua origem (proteção pelo Parque) e características físicas, incluindo o substrato. Peixes foram capturados utilizando-se pesca-elétrica padronizada. As comunidades de peixes mostraram maior riqueza de espécies em habitats heterogêneos e rios protegidos, porém a abundância foi maior em áreas não protegidas e rios não impactados. O IBI foi sensível a estas diferenças e os escores foram mais elevados em rios protegidos. O IBI detectou o grau de distúrbio nas comunidades de peixes sem a consideração direta dos parâmetros de habitat medidos. O PCA revelou um gradiente de heterogeneidade no substrato. De modo similar, a CCA revelou diferenças na composição da assembléia de peixes ao longo do gradiente ambiental que variou com o estatus de proteção do rio. A relação entre os escores de PCA e IBI foi altamente significativa (r² = 0,61, P < 0,0001). As análises de PCA e CCA validaram moderadamente a estrutura e a previsibilidade do IBI; porém, é necessário refinar o modelo e estender este aplicativo por mais tempo e área mais abrangente.

Suscetibilidade antimicrobiana de Salmonellas isoladas de ambiente aquático / Salmonellas antimicrobial susceptibility isalated from aquatic environments

Salmonellas é um dos enteropatógenos que causam sérios danos à saúde pública. Nos paísesem desenvolvimento, é comum a presença de espécies de Salmonella provenientes de material humano, enquanto que espécies oriundas de animais predominam nos países desenvolvidos, devido à industrialização em larga escala de produtos alimentícios e rações para animais que favorecem sua disseminação. Essas Salmonellas atingem os reservatórios de águas, tornando-os impróprios ao consumo humano. Além do aumento da contaminação dos recursos hídricos, outro aspecto preocupante diz respeito ao surgimento de novas cepas de salmonella apresentando múltipla resistência aos antimicrobianos. Com o intuito de conhecer o comportamento destes microorganismos frente aos antimicrobianos, analisou-se 141 cepas de Salmonella sp isoladas de um rio localizado em Campina Grande (CG) contaminado com esgotos. As análises foram realizadas no Laboratório da Universidade Federal da Paraíba (C. Grande/PB), atual Universidade Federal de Campo Grande. A resistência das cepas foi determinada através de antibiograma, por difusão dos discos. Observou-se que o maior número de cepas, 24 (17%) apresentou resistência para Tetraciclina seguido por Sulfazotrim e Cefalotina com 04 cepas cada um (2,8%). Constatou-se que 04 (2,8%) das cepas apresentaram resistência a mais de um antimicrobiano. Nenhuma resistência foi verificada frente a Gentamicina e Imipenem.